Teratogenic chemicals are substances that can interfere with the normal development of an embryo or foetus during pregnancy. Exposure to certain chemicals during critical stages of development may increase the risk of birth defects, growth problems, miscarriage, stillbirth, or long-term developmental difficulties.

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Chemical teratogens may be found in industrial chemicals, pesticides, solvents, heavy metals, environmental pollutants, and some substances used in workplaces, agriculture, manufacturing, or the home. The level of risk depends on the type of chemical, the amount of exposure, the duration of exposure, and the stage of pregnancy.

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During early pregnancy, when organs and body systems are developing, the growing baby may be especially vulnerable. Some chemicals can disrupt cell growth, oxygen delivery, hormone signalling, DNA repair, or nutrient balance. Others may cross the placenta and directly affect the developing brain, heart, spine, limbs, or other organs.

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Examples of chemical teratogens may include lead, mercury, certain pesticides, industrial solvents, air pollutants, and toxic environmental contaminants. Some exposures may occur through contaminated water, occupational exposure, household products, or industrial processes.

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Reducing exposure is an important part of pregnancy safety. This may include improving ventilation, using protective equipment where appropriate, following workplace safety guidance, handling chemicals carefully, and seeking advice if exposure is suspected.

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Many people are unaware they have been exposed to potentially harmful chemicals. Clear safety information, environmental protections, workplace safeguards, and greater awareness are important for protecting developing babies and supporting informed decision-making.